Network Performance of Freshwater Wireless Sensor Networks

We present a comparison of wireless sensor network performance in a variety of environments including resting on and near the surface of a freshwater lake. The network was required to organize, establish and maintain itself in or on the water. Nodes were tested on a solid ground surface, on the surface of the water, below the surface of the water (but not submerged) and fully submerged. Performance metrics based on link quality, parent changes and formation time are presented under a variety of scenarios. It was observed that nodes operating on the surface of the water performed much better than those on a hard surface, operating at a greater inter-node spacing and experiencing fewer parent changes. Submerging one or both nodes had considerable but not overwhelming effects on network